Document Type : Original Article
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to study the effect of salinity and drought stress on germination and growth characteristics of wild mustard seedlings collected from irrigated wheat fields on the base of a complete randomized design in Iranian Plant Protection Research Institute. Different levels of salinity and drought stress included of 0 (control), -2, -4, -6, -8 and -10 bar were created by NaCl and poly-ethylene-glycol (PEG), respectively. Measured criteria included of final germination percentage, germination speed, seedling length, plumule length, radicle length and seedling vigor index. According to the results, mentioned stresses had negative significant effect on germination rate and percentage, length of plumule, radicle and seedling and seedling vigor index. More significant effect in drought stress than salinity stress showed higher resistance of wild mustard in salinity stress rather than drought stress. Both salinity and drought stress affected length of plumule more than length of radical. It means that length of plumule is more sensitive to mentioned stresses. According to fitted model, X50 (the potential caused to 50% reduction of final germination and germination rate of wild mustard) related to salinity stress (7.33 and 5.03, respectively) was significantly higher than X50 related to drought stress (4.47 and 2.90, respectively).
Keywords
Abdul-Baki, A.A., and J.D. Aderson.1973.Vigor determination in soybean by multiple criteria. Crop Sci.
13: 630-633.
-2 -4 -6 -8 -10
Abin, A., and S.V. Eslami. 2009. Influence of maternal environment on salinity and drought tolerance of
annual sowthistle (Sonchusoleraceus L.) at germination and emergence stage. (In Persian, with English
Abstract.) Weed Res J. 2:1-12.
Andalibi1, B., E. Zangani.,and A. Hagh-nazari.2005. Effects of water stress on germination indices in six
rapeseed cultivars (Brassica napusL.).(In Persian, with English Abstract.)Iranian. J. Agric. Sci. 36: 457-463.
Akbari, G., S.A.M. ModarresSanavy., and S. Yousefzadeh. 2007. Effect of auxin and salinity stress
(NaCl) on seed germination of wheat cultivars (Triticumaestivum). Pakistan J. Biological Sci. 10: 2557-
2561.
Bair, N.B., S.E. Meyer and P.S. Allen. 2006. A hydrothermal after-ripening time model for seed dormancy
loss in Bromustectorum L. Seed Sci. Res. 16: 17–28.
Baker, J.E. 1991. Purification and partial characterization of alpha-amylase allozymes from the lesser grain
borer, Rhyzoperthadominica. Insect Bioch. 21: 303-311
Batlla, D., and R.L. Benech-Arnold. 2007. Predicting changes in dormancy level in weed seed soil banks:
Implications for weed management. Crop Protect. 26: 189–197.
Chachalis, D., and K.N. Reddy. 2000. Factors affecting Campsisradicans Seed germination and seedling
emergence. Weed Sci.48: 212–216.
Chadho, K. and G. Rajender 1995. Advance in Horticulture Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Vol
11.Maldorta.PublishingHouse. New Delhi. India.
Chauhan, B.S., G. Gill., and C. Preston. 2006. Influence of environmental factors on seed germination and
seedling emergence of Oriental mustard (Sisymbriumorientale). Weed Sci. 54: 1025–1031.
Cramer, G.R., E. Epstein and A. Lauchli. 1991. Effect of sodium, potassium and calciumon salinity –
stressed barley. II. Element analysis. Physiologiae Plant. 81:187-292.
FAO. 2005. Global Network on integrated soil management for sustainable use of salt-affected soils. Rome,
Italy: FAO Land and Plant Nutrition.
Grundy, A.C., K. Phelps., R.J. Reader and S. Burston. 2000. Modeling the germination of Stellaria media
using the concept of hydrothermal time.NewPhytol. 148: 433- 444.
Guerke, W.R., T. Gutormson., D. Meyer., M. McDonald., D. Mesa., J.C. Robinson and D. TeKrony.
2004. Application of hydro-time analysis in seed testing. Seed Sci. Technol. 26: 75- 85.
Gulden, R.H., S.J. Shirtliffe and A.G. Thomas. 2003. Harvest losses of canola (Brassica napus) cause
large seed bank inputs. Weed Sci. 51: 83–86.
Hadas, A. 1977. A simple laboratory approach to test and estimate seed Germination performance under
field conditions. Agron J. 69:582-588.
Hasani, A. 2005.The effect of drought stress due to Poly ethylene glycol on germination characteristics of
basil (OcimumbasilicumL.).(In Persian, with English Abstract.)Iranian J. Medi.Aromatic Plants. 30: 535-543.
Heap, I. 2013.International survey of herbicide resistance weeds.Online Internet. 27 July 2013.
Availal.www.weedscience.com.
Hosseini, H., and P. RezvaniMoghadam. 2006. Effect of water and salinity stress in seed germination on
Isabgol (Plantago ovate). (In Persian, with English Abstract.) Iranian Crop Res. 4:15-22.
Huang, J. Z., A. Shrestha., M. Tollenaar., W. Deen., I. Rajcan., H. Rahimian., and C.J. Swanton. 2001.
Effect of temperature and photoperiod on the phonological development of wild mustard (SinapisarvensisL.).
Field Crops Res. 70: 75-86.
Indrasith, L.S., T. Sasaki and O. Yamashita. 1988. A unique protease responsible for selective de
gradation of a yolk protein in Bombyxmori. Puri-Fication, characterization, and cleavage profile. J
BiolChemi. 263: 1045-1051.
Kaya M., D.G. Okcu., M. Atak., Y. Cikili and O. Kolsarici. 2006. Seed treatment to overcome salinity and
drought stress during germination in sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.). European J Agron. 24:291-295.
Khan, M. A. and I. A. Ungar.2001. Seed germination of triglochin maritime as influenced by salinity and
dormancy relieving compounds. Biological Plant. 44: 301-303.
Koger, C.H., K.N. Reddy and D.H. Poston. 2004. Factors affecting seed germination, seedling
gemergence, and survival of texasweed (Caperoniapalustris). Weed Sci.52:989–995.
Koochaki, A., M. RashedMohassel., M. Nasiri, M. Sadr-Abadi. 1988. Principle of crop growth
physiology and development. AstanGhodsRazavi Press. 121 p.
Makawi, M., M.E.L. Balla., Z. BishawandA.J.G. Van Gastel. 1999. The relationship between seed vigor
test and field emergence in lentil (Lens culinaris). Seed Sci. Technol. 26: 657-667.
Martinson, K., B. Durgan., F. Forcella., J. Wiersma., K. Spokas and D. Archer. 2007. An Emergence
Model for Wild Oat (Avenafatua). Weed Sci. 55: 584 – 591.
Masin, R., M.C. Zuin., D.W. Archer., F. Forcella and G. Zanin. 2005. Weed Turf: a predictive model to
aid control of annual summer weeds in turf. Weed Sci. 53: 193–201.
Michel, B.E. 1983.Evaluation of the water potentials of solutions of poly-Ethylene glycol 8000 both in the
absence and presence of other solutes. Plant Physiol. 72:66–70.
Minbashi, M., M.A. Baghestani., H. Rahimi and M. Aleefard. 2008. Weed mapping for irrigated wheat
fields of Tehran province using Geographic Information System (GIS). (In Persian, with English Abstract.)
Iranian J. Weed Sci, 4: 97-118.
Mojab, M., and Gh.R. Zamani. 2010. Study the Effect of Salinity and Drought Stresses Due to NaCl and PEG
on Germination Characteristics and Seedling Growth of Hoary cress (Cardaria drab). (In Persian, with English
Abstract.) J Plant Protec. 24:.151-158.
Mojab, M., Gh.R. Zamani., S.V. Eslami, M. Hosini and S.A. Naseri. 2010. Study the Effect of Salinity and
Drought Stresses Due to NaCl and PEG on Germination Characteristics and Seedling Growth of Jungle rice
(Echinochloa crus-galliVar:oryzicola). (In Persian, with English Abstract.)J Plant Protection. 24:.108-114.
Niu, X., R.A. Bressan, P.M. Hasegawa and J.M. Pardo. 1995. Ion homeostasis in NaCl stress
environment. Plant Physiol. 109: 735- 742.
Okcu, G., M.D. Kaya and M. Atak. 2005. Effects of salinity and drought stresses on germination and
seedling growth of pea (Pisumsativum). Turkish J. Agric. Forest. 29: 237-242.
Rahimian-Mashhadi, H., A. BagheriKazem-Abad and A. Paryab. 1991. The effect of different potentials
due to poly ethylene glycol and sodium chloride with temperature on populations of wheat. (In Persian, with
English Abstract.) Agric. Sci. Indust. 5: 37-42.
Khajeh-Hosseini M., A.A. Powell and I.J. Bingham. 2003.The interaction between salinity stress andseed
vigor during germination of soybean seeds. Seed Sci. Technol.31:715-725.
Rehman, S., P.J.C. Harris, W. F. Bourne and J. Wikin. 1996. The effect of sodium chloride on
germination and the potassium and calcium contents of Acacia seeds. Seed Sci. Technol. 25: 45-57.
Schutte, B.J., E.E. Regnier., S. K. Harrison., J.T. Schmoll., K. Spokasand F. Forcella. 2008. A
Hydrothermal Seedling Emergence Model for Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida). Weed Sci. 56: 555–560.
Soltani, E., A. Soltani., S. Galeshi., F. Ghaderi-Far and E. Zeinali. 2013. Seed germination modeling of
wild mustard (Sinapisarvensis L.) as affected by temperature and water potential: hydrothermal time model.
J. Plant Prod. 20: 19-34.
Takel, A. 2000. Seedling emergence and growth of sorghum genotypes under variable soil moisture deficit
.Agron J.48: 95-102.
Windauer, L., Altuna, A., and Benech-Arnold, R. 2007.Hydrotime analysis of Lesquerellafendleriseed
germination responses to priming treatments.Indust. Crop Prod. 25: 70–74.
Yazdani-Biouki, R., and P. Rezvani-Moghaddam. 2012. Study the germination if Althea officinallisL.
affected by salinity and drought stress. (In Persian, with English Abstract.) Iranian J. Weed Sci. 10: 1-10.
Chauhan B., S.G. Gill., and C. Preston. 2006. Influence of environmental factors on seed germinationand
seedling emergence of Oriental mustard (Sisymbriumorientale). Weed Sci. 54: 1025–1031.
Zand, E., F. BenaKashani., S. Soufizadeh., M. Ebrahimi., M. Minbashi.,F. Dastaran., M. Poorbayge., M.
Jamali., A. Maknali., M. Younesabadi., R. Deihimfard and S. Forouzesh. 2009. Study on the resistance of
problematic grass weed species to Clodinafoppropargyl in wheat in iran (In Persian, with English Abstract.)
Environmental Sci. 6:145-160.
Zeinali, E., A. Soltani and S. Galeshi. 2002. Response of germination components to salinity in oilseed rape
(Brassica napus L.). (In Persian, with English Abstract.). Iranian J Agric Sci. 33:137-145.
)