Assessment of genetic diversity of different Hyrcanian Boxwood populations for ex situ conservation in Natural Resources Gene Bank of Iran

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Abstract

Evaluation of necessary and sufficient population number of a species in seed collection program requires knowledge of genetic diversity and differentiation. This study evaluated seed morphology and seed storage proteins profiles of 11 boxwood (Buxus hyrcana) populations, to determine the extent of genetic diversity. Seed morphology and seed storage proteins analysis of variance showed considerable variation with no geographical clines among populations. Hierarchical cluster analysis (UPGMA) of both markers showed that populations sampled from far west (samandkish, Gilan province) and far East (Bandargaz, Glestan province) of Hyrcanian forests were grouped together, however neighbor populations, Namakabrud1 and 2, grouped separately. The results could be due to the phenomenon of fragmentation of boxwood populations. Therefore seed collection from selective populations can lead to the loss of some genes and change genetic structure, indicating the importance of collecting seeds from local ecotypes. In other word seed collection only from a population in each Eco-geoghraphial region is not sufficient and often the populations that located in a same Eco-geoghraphial region may have different genetic structure. These results showed that to avoid genetic erosion of boxwood germplasm, Natural Resources Gene Bank of Iran needs to collect seed from more populations in each Eco-geographical region.

Keywords


Alipour, H., A. Rezai, S.A.M. Meibodi, and M. Taheri. 2002. Evaluation of genetic variation in soybean lines using seed protein electrophoresis. J. Sci. Tech. Agric. Nat. Res. 5: 85-96.
Amaral, W., A. Yanchuk,and E. Kjaer. 2004. Methodologies for ex situ conservation. Forest genetic resources conservation and management: in plantation and genebank, Volme 3, Chapter 2. IPGRI.
Austerlitz, F., C.W. Dick, C. Dutech, E.K. Klein, S. Oddou-Muratorio, P.E. Smouse, and V.L. Sork. 2004. Using genetic markers to estimate the pollen dispersal curve. Mol. Ecol. 13: 937–954.

Baraloto, C., and P. M. Forget.2007.Seed size, seedling morphology, and response to deep shade and damage in neo-tropical rain forest trees. Am. J. Bot. 94: 901–911.

Bau, S. M. T., P. Mazzafera, and L.G.Santoro.2001.Seed storage protein in coffee. Rev. Bras. Fisiol. Veg. 13: 110–123.
Bianchi-hall, C.M., R.D. Keys, H.T. Stalker, and J.P. Murphy. 1993. Diversity of seed storage protein patterns in wild peanut (Arachis, Fabaceae) species. Plant Syst. Evolution. 186: 1-15.
Carlson, J. E., and K. E. Holsinger. 2010. Natural selection on inflorescence color polymorphisms in wild Protea populations: the role of pollinators, seed predators and inter-trait correlations. Am. J. Bot. 97: 934–944.
Carlson, J. E., and K. E. Holsinger. 2015. Extrapolating from local ecological processes to genus-wide patterns in colour polymorphism in South African Protea. Proc. R. Soc. B. 282: 20150583.
Cavers, S., B. Degen, H. Caron, M.R. Lemes, R. Margis, F. Salgueiro, and A.J. Lowe. 2005. Optimal sampling strategy for estimation of spatial genetic structure in tree populations. Heredity 95: 281–289.
Dudash, M. R., and C. B. Fenster. 2000. Inbreeding and outbreeding depression in fragmented populations. In: A. Young and G. Clarke (eds.) Genetics, demography and viability of fragmented populations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp. 35–53.
Duncan D. H., A. B., Nicotra, J.T. Wood, and S. A. Cunningham. 2004. Plant isolation reduces outcross pollen receipt in a partially self-compatible herb. J. Ecol. 92: 977–985.
Ellstrand, N. C., and D. R. Elam. 1993. Population genetic consequences of small population size. J. Ecol. Syst. 24: 217-242.
Excoffier, L., P. Smouse, and J. Quattro. 1992. Analysis of molecular variances among DNA restriction data. Genet. 131: 479-491.
FAO. 2001. Global forest resources assessment, FAO Forestry Paper 140. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization[Online]. Available at www.fao.org/forestry/fo/fra/[Geo-2-416].
Gardiner, S.E., and M.B. Forde. 1988. Identification of cultivars and species of pasture legumes by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel genetic diversity in Black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper). Field Crops Res. 69: 183–190.
Ghandehari, V., A. Ahmadikhah, and V. Payamnoor. 2013a. Genetic diversity of Buxus hyrcana populations in north of Iran using ISSR markers. Iranian J. Rangelands Forests Plant Breed. Genet. Res. 21: 1-12.
Ghandehari V., V. Payamnoor, A. Ahmadikhah, and M.H. Pahlevani. 2013b. Investigation of inter-and intra-population genetic diversity of Buxus hyrcana in forests of north of Iran using RAPD molecular markers. Iranian J. Forest 5: 207-2018
Gower, J. G. 1966. Some distance properties of latent root and rector methods used in multivariate analysis. Biometrika 53: 325-338
Hawley, G.J., P.G. Schaberg, D.H. DeHayes, and J.C. Brissette. 2005. Silviculture alters the genetic structure of an eastern hemlock forest in Maine, USA.  Can. J. Forest Res. 35:143–150.
Huang, Y., K. Ji, Z. Jiang, and G. Tan. 2008. Genetic structure of Buxus sinica var. parvifolia, rare and endangered plant. Scientia Horticulturae 116: 324-329.
Javaid, A., A. Ghafoor, and R. Anwar. 2004. Seed storage protein electrophoresis in groundnut for evaluating genetic diversity. Pakistan J. Bot. 30: 25-29.
Kalinowski, S.T., M.L. Taper, and T.C. Marshall. 2007. Revising how the computer program CERVUS accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment. Mol. Ecol. 16: 1099–1106.
Karimi, Kh., R. Zolfaghari, and P. Fayyaz. 2012. The effect of seed morphology and different altitude origins of Persian oak (Quercus brantii) on germination and growth of one year old seedlings. J. Wood Forest Sci. Tech. 19: 127-141.
Kätzel, R., B. Nordt, and J. Schmitt. 2001. Untersuchungen zum Einfluß der Durch forstungs intensitaät auf die genetische Struktur von Kiefernbeständen in den Berliner Forsten auf der Grundlage von Isoenzym- und DNA-Markern. In: H. Wolf (Ed.). Nachhaltige Nutzung forstgenetischer Ressourcen. Tagungsbericht zur 24. Internationalen Tagung der Arbeitsgem. f. Forstgenetik u. Forstpflanzenzüchtung. Sächsische Landesanstalt für Forsten, Pirna, Germany. pp. 159–170.
La´zaro, A., and A. Traveset. 2006. Reproductive success of the endangered shrub Buxus balearica Lam. (Buxaceae): Pollen limitation, and inbreeding and outbreeding depression. Plant Syst. Evolution. 261: 117–128.
Laemmli, U.K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nat. 227: 680-685.
Malik, M.F.A., A.S. Qureshi, M. Ashraf, M.R. Khan, and A. Javed.2009. Evaluation of genetic diversity in soybean (Glycine max) lines using seed protein electrophoresis. Aus. J. Crop Sci. 3: 107-112.
Maliníková, E., J. Kukla, M. Kuklová, and M. Balážová. 2013. Altitudinal variation of plant traits: morphological characteristics in Fragaria vesca L. (Rosaceae). Ann. For. Res. 56: 79-89.
Mantel, N. 1967. The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Res. 27: 209-220.
McLean, C.A., D. Stuart-Fox, and A. Moussalli. 2015. Environment, but not genetic divergence, influences geographic variation in color morph frequencies in a lizard. BMC. Evolution Biol. 15:156.
Mikatadze-Pantsulaia, T.,L. Kobakhidze, M. Eristavi, M. Khutsishvili, and T. Barblishvili. 2013. Ex-situ conservation of several threatened tree and shrub species of Georgia’s flora. International Caucasian Forestry Symposium. October, Artvin, Turkey
Miyamoto, N., J.F. Fern´andez-Manjarr´es, M.E. Morand-prieur, P. Bertolino,and N. Frascaria-Lacoste. 2008. What sampling is needed for reliable estimations of genetic diversity in Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae)? Ann. Forestry Sci. 65: 403-410.
Nei, M. 1978. Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genet. 89: 583-590.
Ohsawa, T., Y. Tsuda, Y. Saito, H. Sawada, and Y. Ide. 2007. Steep slopes promote downhill dispersal of Quercus crispula seeds and weaken the fine-scale genetic structure of seedling populations. Ann. Forestry Sci. 64: 405–412.
Panda, R.C., O.A. Kumar, and K.G.R. Rao. 1986. The use of seed protein electrophoresis in the study of phylogenetic relationship in Chile pepper (Capsicum). Theor. Appl. Genet. 7: 665-670.
Petit, R.J., A. El Mousadik, and O. Pons. 1998. Identifying populations for conservation on the basis of genetic markers. Conserv. Biol. 12: 844–855.
Reed, D.H., and R. Frankham. 2003. Correlation between fitness and genetic diversity. Conserve. Biol. 17: 230-237.
Ritland, K. 2002. Extensions of models for the estimation of mating systems using independent loci. Heredity 88: 221–228.
Rohlf, J.F. 2004. NTSYS-pc: numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system. Version 2.11. Exeter, Setauket, NY.
SagÆso, z., M. Tosun, and I. Akgun. 1996. Determination of some phenological, morphological and biological characteristics of Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) collected from different locations. Turkiy III. C¸ ayõr-Mer’a ve Yembitkileri Kongresi, 17–19 Haziran 1996, Erzurum, pp. 527–534.
Sathaiah, V., and T.P. Reddy. 1985. Seed protein profile of caster (Ricinus communis L.) and some Jatropa species. Genet. Agric. 39: 35-43.
Schneider, S., J. Kuffer, D. Roessli, and L. Excoffier. 1997. Arlequin ver.1.1: software for population genetic data analysis, Genetic and Biometry Laboratory, University of Geneva.
Seyedi, N. S., G. A. Jalali, M. Moghaddam, M. Tabari, and S.A. Mohammadi. 2010. Application of seed storage protein in intra-specific variation in three population of Pistacia atlantica. J. Plant Biol. 2: 1-14.
Sihag, R., J.S. Hooda, R.D. Vashishtha, and B.P.S. Malik. 2004. Genetic divergence in soybean Glycine max. Ann. Biol. 20: 17-21.
Sjogren, P.,and P.I. Wyoni. 1994. Conservation genetics and detection of rare alleles in Finite populations. Conserv. Biol. 8: 267–270.
Tamura, K., J. Dudley, M. Nei, and S. kumar. 2007. MEGA 4: Molecular evolutionary genetics nalysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol. Biol. Evolution. 24: 1596-1599.
Tilki, F., F.T. Yuksek, and S. Guner. 2009. The Effect of undercutting on growth and morphology of bare root sessile oak seedlings in relation to acorn size. Aus. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 3: 3900-3905.
Valente, L. M., G. Reeves, J.  Schnitzler, I.P. Mason, M.F. Fay, A.G. Rebelo, M.W. Chase, and T.G. Barraclough. 2010. Diversification in the African genus Protea (Proteaceae) in the cape biodiversity hotspot and beyond: equal rates in different biomes. Evolution. 64: 745–760
Van der Niet, T., M.D. Pirie, A. Shuttleworth, S.D. Johnson, and J.J. Midgley. 2014. Do pollinator distributions underlie the evolution of pollination ecotypes in the Cape shrub Erica plukenetii? Ann. Bot. 113: 301–316
Van Laere, K., D. Hermans, L. Leus,and J. Van Huylenbroeck. 2011. Genetic relationships in European and Asiatic Buxus species based on AFLP markers, genome sizes and chromosome numbers. Plant Syst. Evolution. 293: 1-11.
Wang, W., J. De-Dios-Alché, A. J. Castro, and M. I. Rodríguez-García.2001. Characterization of seed storage proteins and their synthesis during seed development in Olea europaea. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 45: S63-S64.
Yousefzadeh, H., A.Hosseinzadeh Colagar, M. Tabari,A. Sattarian, and M. Assadi, 2012. Genetic diversity of the Tilia sp. using seed protein electrophoresis. Iranian J. Range. Forests Plant Breed. Genet. Res. 19: 337-344.
Zolfaghari, R., R. Derikvand, R. Naghiha, and P. Fayyaz. 2015. Comparison of genetic diversity of dieback and healthy Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L. Var. horizontalis) at different altitudes using seed storage proteins. Iranian J. Range. Forests Plant Breed. Genet. Res. 23: 277-287.