Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
2 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
Abstract
Borage is one of the important medicinal plants with unequal and poor seed germination as a result of deterioration during storage. With attention to abundance of salty water and soils in country, this research was contacted to study of the effect of priming and deterioration of seed on germination, growth and biochemistry characteristic of borage under salinity stress. The experimental treatments were salinity stress, seed priming and deterioration duration (0, 8 and 14 hours). The results showed that percentage and rate of germination, seedling dry weight and length and weight were decreased with increasing of salinity stress levels and duration of deterioration. Seedlings dry weight loss was about 75% to 78% under salinity stress. Activity of peroxidase and catalase enzymes and proline content in seedling were increased under salinity stress, and this increase in seedlings from primed seeds was significantly higher than those of control seeds. Seed priming significantly increased the seed germination, growth and prolin content of seedling in both salinity stress and deterioration conditions. Seed priming caused a 1.6 and 2.5- fold increase in the catalase activity of seedlings derived from undeteriorated and deteriorated (14 hours) seeds, respectively. Generally, seed priming with ascorbic acid was reduced the negative effects of salinity stress and deterioration through increasing seed vigor and improving the biochemical properties of seedlings, and led to improve the seed germination and seedling growth under favorable and unfavorable conditions.
Keywords
Abraham, E., G. Rigo, G. Szekely, R. Nagy, C. Koncz and L. Szabados, 2003. Light-dependent induction of proline biosynthesis by abscisic acid and salt stress is inhibited by brassinosteroid in Arabidopsis. Plant Mol. Biol. 51(3): 363-372.
Aebi, H. 1984. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol. 105: 121–126.
Afzal, I., N. Ahmad, S.M.A. Basra and R. Ahmad, 2002. Effect of different seed vigour enhancement techniques on hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). Pakistan J. . Agric. Sci. 39: 109-112.
Alivand, R., R. Tavakkol Afshari and F. Sharifzadeh, 2011. Effects of gibberellin, salicylic acid, and ascorbic acid on improvement of germination characteristics of deteriorated seeds of Brassica napus. (In Persian, with English abstract.) Iranian J. Field Crop Sci. 439: 561-571.
Allakhverdiev, S.L., A. Sakamoto, Y. Nishiyama, M. Inaba and N. Murata, 2000. Ionic and osmotic effects of NaCl-induced inactivation of photosystem І and ІІ in Synechococcus sp. J. Plant Physiol. 123(3): 1047- 1056.
Al-qurainy, F. 2007. Responses of bean and pea to vitamin C under salinity stress. Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 3: 714-722. Ansari, O., F. Sharifzadeh, A. Moradi, M.S. Azadi and E. Younesi, 2013. Heat shock treatment can improve some seed germination indexes and enzyme activity in primed seeds with gibberellin of Mountain Rye (Secale montanum) under accelerated aging conditions. Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova. 4(156): 21-30.Armin, M., M. Asgharipour and M. Razavi-Omrani, 2010. The effect of seed priming on germination and seedling growth of watermelon (Citrullus Lanatus). Adv. Environ. Biol. 4 (3), 501-505.Ashraf, M., and Q. Ali, 2008. Relative membrane permeability and activities of some antioxidant enzymes as the key determinants of salt tolerance in canola (Brassica napus L.). Environ. Exp. Bot. 63: 266–273.
Ashrafi, E., J. Razmjoo, and M. Zahedi. 2015. The effect of salt stress on biochemical traits and relation with salt tolerant of alfalfa cultivars in field. (In Persian, with English abstract.) Agron. J. (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi). 108: 43-56.
Ayaz, F.A., A.R. Kadioglu, and R. Turgut. 2000. Water stress effects on the content of low molecular weight carbohydrates and phenolic acids in Ctenanthe setosa. Can. J. Plant Sci. 80(2): 373-378.Bailly, C. 2004. Active oxygen species and antioxidants in seed biology. Seed Sci. Res. 14(2): 93- 107.
Basra, S.M.A., N. Ahmad, M.M. Khan, N. Iqbal and M.A. Cheema, 2003. Assessment of cotton seed deterioration during accelerated ageing. Seed Sci. Technol. 31(3): 531-540.
Bates, L.S., R.P. Waldren, and I.D. Teare, 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant Soil. 39: 205–207.Cakmak, T., O. Atici, G. Agar and S. Sunar, 2010. Natural aging-related biochemical changes in alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L.) seeds stored for 42 years. Int. Res. J. Plant Sci. 1(1): 1-6.
Caruso, G., C. Cavaliere, P. Foglia, R. Gubbiotti, R. Samperi and A. Lagana, 2009. Analysis of drought responsive proteins in wheat (Triticum durum) by 2D-PAGE and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Plant Sci. 177: 570–576.
Çelik, Ö., and Ç. Atak, 2012. The effect of salt stress on antioxidative enzymes and proline content of two Turkish tobacco varieties. Turk. J. Biol. 36: 339-356.
Chance, B., and A.C. Maehly, 1955. Assay of catalases and peroxidase. Methods Enzymol. 2: 764–775.
Chang, C.J., and C.H. Koa, 1988. H2O2 metabolism during sense scene of rice leaves changes in enzyme activities in light and darkness. Plant Growth Regul. 25: 11–15.
Coolbear, P. 1995. Mechanisms of seed deterioration. p. 223-277. In A.S. Basra (ed.) Seed quality, basic mechanisms and agricultural implications. Food Products Press, New York.
Ellis, R.H., and E.H. Roberts, 1980. Towards a rational basis for testing seed quality. p. 605-635. In P.D. Hebblethwaite (ed.) Seed production. Butterworths, London.
El-Tayeb, M.A. 2005. Response of barley grains to the interactive effect salinity and salicylic acid. J. Plant Growth Regul. 45: 215-225.
Farhoudi, R., S. Saeedipour and D. Mohammadreza, 2011. The effect of NaCl seed priming on salt tolerance, antioxidant enzyme activity, and proline and carbohydrate accumulation of Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) under saline condition. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 6(6): 1363-1370.
Farooq, M., S.M.A. Basra, I. Afzal and A. Khaliq, 2006. Optimization of hydropriming techniques for rice seed invigoration. Seed Sci. Technol. 34: 507- 512.
Ghahremani, S., M. Sedghi and R. Seyed Sharifi, 2017. Effect of different seed deterioration treatments and germination under different temperatures on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seedlings. (In Persian, with English abstract.) Iranian J. Seed Sci. Technol. 6(1): 205-218.
Ghassemi-Golezani, K. and B. Dalil. 2011. Seed germination and vigor test. first Edition. Jahad Daneshgahi- Mashhad. (In Persian)
Ghoohestani, A., H. Gheisary, Se. M. Zahedi and A. Dolatkhahi, 2012. Effect of Seed Priming of Tomato with Salicylic Acid, Ascorbic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxideon Germination and Plantlet Growth in Saline Conditions. Int. J. Agron. Plant Prod. 3: 700-704.
Hassen, A., S. Maher and H. Cherif, 2014. Effect of Salt Stress (NaCl) on Germination and Early Seedling Parameters of Three Pepper Cultivars (Capsicum annuum L.). J. Stress Physiol. Biochem. 10(1): 14-25.Hsu, C.C., C.L. Chen, J.J. Chan and J.M. Sung, 2003. Accelerated aging-enhanced lipid peroxidation in bitter gourd seeds and effects of priming and hot water soaking treatments. Scientica Horticulturae. 98(3): 201–212.
International Seed Testing Association (ISTA). 2010. International rules for seed testing, Seed vigour testing, Chapter 15: 1-20.
Jamil, M., D.B. Lee, K.Y. Jung, M. Ashraf, S.C. Lee and E.S. Rha, 2006. Effec of salt (NaCl) stress on germination and early seedling growth of four vegetables species. J. Cent. Eur. Agric. 7(2): 273-282.
Kaya, M.D., G. Okcu, M. Atak, Y. Cikili and O. Kolsarici, 2006. Seed treatments to overcome salt and drought stress during germination in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Eur. J. Agron. 24(4): 291-295.
Khajeh-hosseini, M., A.A. Powell and I.J. Bingham, 2003. The interaction between salinity stress and seed vigour during germination of soybean seeds. Seed Sci. and Technol. 31(3): 715-725.
Khan, M.N., M.H. Siddiqui, F. Mohammad, M. Naeem and M.M.A. Khan, 2010. Calcium chloride and gibberellic acid protect linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) from NaCl stress by inducing antioxidative defence system and osmoprotectant accumulation. Acta Physiol. Plant. 32(1): 121-132.
Koca, H., M. Bor, F. Ozdemir and I. Turkan, 2007. The effect of salt stress on lipid peroxidation, antioxidative enzymes and prolin content of sesame cultivars. Environ. Exp. Bot. 60: 344-351.
McDonald, M.B. 1999. Seed deterioration: Physiology, repair and assessment. Seed Sci. Technol. 27: 177-237.
McDonald, M.B. 2000. Seed priming. p. 287-325. In M. Black and J.D. Bewley (eds.) Seed Technology and Its Biological Basis. Sheffield Academic Press, England.
Meloni, D.A., M.A. Oliva, C.A. Martinez and J. Cambraia, 2003. Photosynthesis and activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and glutathione reductase in cotton under salt stress. Environ. Exp. Bot. 49(1): 69-76.
Mohamed, M. M.M. Azooz, A.M. Alzahrani and M.M. Youssef, 2013. The potential role of seed priming with ascorbic acid and nicotinamide and their interactions to enhance salt tolerance in broad bean (Vicia faba L.). Aust. J. Crop Sci.7(13): 2091-2100.
Mohammadi, H., A. Soltani, H.R. Sadeghipour, and H. Zeinali. 2011. Effects of seed aging on subsequent seed reserve utilization and seedling growth in soybean. Int J Plant Prod. 5(1): 65-70.
Moosavi, A., R. Tavakkol Afshari, F. Sharifzadeh and A. Aynehband, 2009. Effect of seed priming on germination characteristics, polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activities of four amaranth cultivars. J. Food, Agric. Environ. 7(3-4): 353- 358.
Murthy, U.M.N., P.P. Kumar and W.Q. Sun, 2003. Mechanisms of seed ageing different storable conditions for Vigina radiata L. wilczek: lipid peroxidation, sugar hydrolysis, maillard rections and their relationship to glass state transition. J. Exp. Bot. 54(384): 1057-1067.
Najafi Navaey, H., M. Yousefi Hzari, R. Ali Nezhad Seraji and H. Eslami, 2014. Germination reduce in Borage (Borago officinalis L.) seed under seed deteriorating conditions. Int. J. Farming Allied Sci. 3(4): 358-361.
Noctor, G., and C.H. Foyer, 1998. Ascorbate and glutathione: keeping active oxygen under control. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 49: 249-279.
Ouji, A., S. El-Bok, M. Mouelhi, M.B. Younes and M. Kharrat, 2015. Effect of salinity stress on germination of five tunisian lentil (Lens culinaris L.) Genotypes. Eur. Sci. J. 11: 63-75.
Patel, R.P., S.S. Kajal, V.R. Patel, V.J. Patel and S.M. Khristi, 2010. Impact of salin water stress on nutrient uptake and growth of cowpea. Braz. J. Plant Physiol. 22 (1): 43-48.
Rauf, M., M. Munir, M.U. Hassan, M. Ahmad and M. Afzal, 2007. Performance of wheat genotypes under osmotic stress at germination and early seedling growth stage. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 6(8): 971-975.
Salehi Surmaghi, M.H. 2009. Medicinal plants and phytotherapy. (3th ed.). Publications nutrition. (In Persian)
Seiadat, S.A., A. Moosavi and M. Sharafizadeh, 2012. Effect of seed priming on antioxidant activity and germination characteristics of maize seeds under different ageing treatments. Res. J. Seed Sci. 5(2): 51-62.
Shalata, A. and P.M. Neuman. 2001. Exogenous ascorbic acid (vitamin C) increases resistance to salt stress and reduces lipid peroxidation. J. Exp. Bot. 52: 2207-2211.
Sharma, A.D., M. Thakur, M. Rana and K. Singh, 2004. Effect of plant growth hormones and abiotic stresses on germination, growth and phosphatase activities in Sorghum bicolor L. Moench seeds. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 3(6): 308-312.
Shekari, F., R. Baljani, J. Saba, K. Afsahi and F. Shekari, 2010. Effect of seed priming with salicylic acid on growth characteristics of borage (Borago officinalis L.) plants seedlings. (In Persian, with English abstract.) Agroecol. J. 6(1): 47-53.
Sivritepe, N., H.O. Sivritepe and A. Eris, 2003. The effects of NaCl priming on salt tolerance in melon seedlings grown under saline conditions. Scientia Horticulturae. 97(3-4): 229-237.
Soltani, A., M. Gholipoor and E. Zeinali, 2006. Seed reserve utilization and seedling growth of wheat as affected by drought and salinity. Environ. Exp. Bot. 55(1-2): 195-200.
Srivastava, K., K.N. Tiwari, R. Singh, B.D. Singh and H.K. Jaiswal, 2001. Shoot regeneration from immature cotyledons of Cicer arietinum. Biol. Plant. 44: 333-337.
Summart, J., P. Thanonkeo, S. Panichajakul, P. Prathepha and M.T. McManus, 2010. Effect of salt stress on growth, inorganic ion and proline accumulation in Thai aromatic rice, Khao Dawk Mali 105, callus culture. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 9(2): 145-152.
Tabatabaei, S.A. and S.M. Naghibalghora. 2014. The effect of salinity stress on germination characteristics and changes of biochemically of sesame seeds. Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova. 47(2): 61-68.
Tavakkol Afshari, R., O. Ansari, F. Sharifzade and A. Shayanfar, 2012. The role of priming on seed reserve utilization and germination of mountain rye (Secale montanum) seeds under salinity stress. (In Persian, with English abstract.) Iranian J. Field Crop Sci. 2, 181-189.
Verma, S.S., U. Verma and R.P.S. Tomer, 2003. Studies on seed quality parameters in deteriorating seeds in Brassica (Brassica campestris). Seed Sci. Technol. 31(2): 389-396.
Woodward, A.J., and I.J. Bennett, 2005. The effect of salt stress and abscisic acid on proline production, chlorophyll content and growth of in vitro propagated shoots of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Cult. 82: 189-200.
Yamaguchi, T., and E. Blumwald, 2005. Developing salt-tolerant crop plants: challenges and opportunities. Trends Plant Sci. 10(12):615-620.
)