Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 MSc graduate seed science and Technology, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran.
2 Associate Professor of Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran.
3 . Professor of Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran.
4 Assistant Professor of Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran.
10.22092/ijsst.2025.368990.1558
Abstract
Plants are subjected to a variety of stress factors throughout their life cycles, which adversely affect their growth, development, and yield. This study was conducted in 2024 at the Seed Technology Laboratory of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan to investigate the effects of seed priming with cytokinin on enhancing salt stress tolerance during the germination and seedling growth stages of salvia (Salvia sahendica) under saline conditions. The research was designed as a factorial experiment within a completely randomized design. The first factor consisted of varying salinity levels (0, 50, 100, 200, and 250 mM NaCl), while the second factor involved seed priming treatments, comprising combinations of priming duration (12 and 24 hours) and cytokinin concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/L). The results indicated that increasing salinity levels significantly reduced germination characteristics and vigor in sage. However, seed priming with 50 mg/L cytokinin significantly mitigated the detrimental effects of salt stress on seed germination traits. Furthermore, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and peroxidase were enhanced in primed seeds, suggesting a protective role of these compounds against oxidative stress induced by salinity. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate that seed priming with 50 mg/L cytokinin for duration of 24 hours serves as an effective treatment for improving germination and early seedling growth of sage, particularly under salt stress conditions.
Keywords
Abdollahi-Ghehi, H., Sonboli, A., Ebrahimi, S. N., Esmaeili, M. A., & Mirjalili, M. H. (2019). Triterpenic acid content and cytotoxicity of some Salvia species from Iran. Natural Product Communications, 14(5), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X19842722
Abdul-Baki, A. A., & Anderson, J. D. (1973). Vigor determination in soybean seed by multiple criteria. Crop Science, 13(6), 630–633. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1973.0011183X001300060013X
Albrecht, T., & Argueso, C. T. (2017). Should I fight or should I grow now? The role of cytokinins in plant growth and immunity and in the growth-defense trade-off. Annals of Botany, 119(5), 725–735. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw211
Anjomani, H., Babaeian, N., & Bagheri, N. (2018). Assessment of salinity stress on traits related to seed germination in various selected soybean genotypes (Glycine max). Journal of Crop Breeding, 10(28), 181–187. https://doi.org/10.29252/jcb.10.28.181
Arif, Y., Singh, P., Siddiqui, H., Bajguz, A., & Hayat, S. (2020). Salinity induced physiological and biochemical changes in plants: An omic approach towards salt stress tolerance. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 156, 64–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.042
Ashraf, M., & Foolad, M. R. (2007). Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59(2), 206–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.12.006
Avalbaev, A., Allagulova, C., Maslennikova, D., Fedorova, K., & Shakirova, F. (2021). Methyl jasmonate and cytokinin mitigate the salinity-induced oxidative injury in wheat seedlings. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 40(4), 1741–1752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10221-1
Azadi, F., Hatami, A., & Salek Mearaji, H. (2022). The effect of cytokinin foliar on morpho-physiological traits, yield and yield components of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) under salinity stress conditions. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 15(4), 975–990. https://doi.org/10.22077/escs.2021.4181.1984
Azzam, C. R., Zaki, S. N. S., Bamagoos, A. A., Rady, M. M., & Alharby, H. F. (2022). Soaking maize seeds in zeatin-type cytokinin biostimulators improves salt tolerance by enhancing the antioxidant system and photosynthetic efficiency. Plants, 11(8), Article 1004. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081004
Baghizadeh, A., & Yazdanpanah, A. (2021). Evaluation of sesame cultivars in germination stage under salinity stress. Iranian Journal of Plant and Biotechnology, 16(1), 212–222.
Bimurzayev, N., Sari, H., Kurunc, A., Hayri Doganay, K., & Asmamaw, A. (2021). Effects of different salt sources and salinity levels on emergence and seedling growth of faba bean genotypes. Scientific Reports, 11, Article 18198. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97739-w
Biswas, S., Seal, P., Majumder, B., & Biswas, A. K. (2023). Efficacy of seed priming strategies for enhancing salinity tolerance in plants: An overview of the progress and achievements. Plant Stress, 9, Article 100186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stress.2023.100186
Bybordi, A. (2010). The influence of salt stress on seed germination, growth and yield of canola cultivars. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 38(1), 128–133. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha3813572
Camlica, M., Yaldiz, G., Ozen, F., Basol, A., & Askin, H. (2019). Effects of selenium applications on salt stress in sage and mountain tea. Turkish Journal of Agriculture – Food Science and Technology, 7(2), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7isp2.29-35
Dehghan, A., Bonyan Ool, M., Khajeh Hosseini, M., Izady, E., & Mijani, S. (2013). Simulation of the emergence pattern of weed species in corn fields (Zea mays L.) based on sigmoid models. Journal of Plant Protection, 26(4), 457–466. https://doi.org/10.22067/jpp.v26i4.18434
Ebadi, M., Farzaneh, A., Ebadi, E., & Nemati, S. (2012). Evaluation of some germination factors of Salvia sahendica Boiss. & Buhse under drought and salt stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 10(4), 764–773. https://doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v10i4.20387
Eisvand, H. R., Tavakkol-Afshari, R., Sharifzadeh, F., Maddah Arefi, H., & Hesamzadeh Hejazi, S. M. (2010). Effects of hormonal priming and drought stress on activity and isozyme profiles of antioxidant enzymes in deteriorated seed of tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum Host). Seed Science and Technology, 38(2), 280–297. https://doi.org/10.15258/sst.2010.38.2.02
El-Ghamery, A. A., & Mousa, M. A. (2017). Investigation on the effect of benzyladenine on the germination, radicle growth and meristematic cells of Nigella sativa L. and Allium cepa L. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 62(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2016.11.002
Ellouzi, H., Ben Slimene Debez, I., Amraoui, S., Rabhi, M., Hanana, M., Alyami, N. M., ... & Zorrig, W. (2024). Effect of seed priming with auxin on ROS detoxification and carbohydrate metabolism and their relationship with germination and early seedling establishment in salt-stressed maize. BMC Plant Biology, 24(1), Article 704. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-024-05381-8
Esechie, H. (1994). Interaction of salinity and temperature on the germination of sorghum. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 172(3), 194–199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.1994.tb00166.x
Ewase, A. E. D. S. S., El-Sherif, S. O., & Tawfik, N. (2013). Effect of salinity stress on coriander (Coriandrum sativum) seed germination and plant growth. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, H. Botany, 4(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbsh.2013.17000
Farag, G., Khattab, M., & El Naggar, A. (2018). Effect of benzyl adenine and gibberellic acid on the vegetative growth and flowering of chrysanthemum plant. Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 63(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.21608/alexja.2018.30051
Feghhenabi, F., Hadi, H., Khodaverdiloo, H., & Van Genuchten, M. T. (2020). Seed priming alleviated salinity stress during germination and emergence of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Agricultural Water Management, 231, Article 106022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.106022
Ghobadi, M., Shafiei Abnavi, M., Jalali-Honarmand, S., Mohammadi, G. R., & Ghobadi, M. E. (2012). Effects of seed priming with some plant growth regulators (cytokinin and salicylic acid) on germination parameters in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(7), 163–170. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v4n7p163
Ghorbani Javid, M., Sorooshzadeh, A., Modarres Sanavy, S. A. M., Allahdadi, I., & Moradi, F. (2011). Effects of the exogenous application of auxin and cytokinin on carbohydrate accumulation in grains of rice under salt stress. Plant Growth Regulation, 65(2), 305–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-011-9602-1
Ghotbabadi, F. S., Alizadeh, A., Zadehbagheri, M., Kamelmanesh, M. M., & Shaabani, M. (2012). Phytochemical composition of the essential oil, total phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in Iranian Satureja sahendica Bornm. at different ontogenesis conditions. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(19), 3525–3534. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR11.374
Ha, S., Vankova, R., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., Shinozaki, K., & Tran, L. S. P. (2012). Cytokinins: Metabolism and function in plant adaptation to environmental stresses. Trends in Plant Science, 17(3), 172–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2011.12.005
He, H., Qin, J., Cheng, X., Xu, K., Teng, L., & Zhang, D. (2018). Effects of exogenous 6-BA and NAA on growth and contents of medicinal ingredient of Phellodendron chinense seedlings. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 25(6), 1189–1195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.11.037
Hedayati, A., Aghamohseni, F., Norouzi, E., Hemmaty, S., Mir Yusefzadeh, M. S., Bagheri, Z., ... & Mirjalili, M. H. (2022). Essential oil composition and effect of different treatments on seed dormancy breaking and germination of Salvia sahendica Boiss. & Buhse. Eco-Phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 9(4), 59–72. https://doi.org/10.30495/ejmp.2022.1936932.1645
Heiday, Z., Asadi-Gharneh, H. A., & Razmjoo, J. (2020). Effect of different levels of salinity on morpho-physiological characteristics of wood sage (Salvia nemorosa L.). Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 13(3), 983–993. https://doi.org/10.22077/escs.2020.2211.1556
Hemeda, H. M., & Klein, B. P. (1990). Effects of naturally occurring antioxidants on peroxidase activity of vegetable extracts. Journal of Food Science, 55(1), 184–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb06048.x
Ibrahim, E. A. (2016). Seed priming to alleviate salinity stress in germinating seeds. Journal of Plant Physiology, 192, 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2015.12.011
Iqbal, M., & Ashraf, M. (2005). Presowing seed treatment with cytokinins and its effect on growth, photosynthetic rate, ionic levels and yield of two wheat cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 47(11), 1315–1325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2005.00163.x
Iqbal, M., Ashraf, M., & Jamil, A. (2006). Seed enhancement with cytokinin: Changes in growth and grain yield in salt-stressed wheat plants. Plant Growth Regulation, 50(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-006-9123-5
Irik, H. A., & Bikmaz, G. (2024). Effect of different salinity on seed germination, growth parameters and biochemical contents of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seed cultivars. Scientific Reports, 14(1), Article 6929. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57507-w
ISTA. (2017). International rules for seed testing (Chapter 5, 2017 ed.). International Seed Testing Association.
Jakovljević, M., Jokić, S., Molnar, M., Jašić, M., Babić, J., Jukić, H., & Banjari, I. (2019). Bioactive profile of various Salvia officinalis L. preparations. Plants, 8(3), Article 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8030055
Jokar Tangkarami, M., Ghanbari, A., & Moradi, F. (2016). Evaluation of the effect of salinity stress on the activity of some antioxidant enzymes in seedlings derived from primed seeds of milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research, 3(3), 11–21.
Joshi, R., Sahoo, K. K., Tripathi, A. K., Kumar, R., Gupta, B. K., & Pareek, A. (2018). Knockdown of an inflorescence meristem-specific cytokinin oxidase-OsCKX2 in rice reduces yield penalty under salinity stress condition. Plant, Cell & Environment, 41(5), 936–946. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12947
Kadıoğlu, B. (2021). Determination of germination biology of some sage (Salvia spp.) species under salinity stress. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 18(2), 359–367. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.802681
Khrueasan, N., Siangliw, M., Toojinda, T., Imyim, A., Buaboocha, T., & Chadchawan, S. (2020). Physiological mechanisms of the seedling-stage salt tolerance of near-isogenic rice lines with the 'KDML105' genetic background. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 23(5), 927–934. https://doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/15.1371
Kiremit, M. S., Hacikamiloglu, M., Arslan, H., & Kurt, O. (2017). The effects of different irrigation water salinity levels on germination and early seedling development of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32(3), 350–357. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.310156
Leal, C. C. P., Torres, S. B., Dantas, N. B. L., Aquino, G. S. M., & Alves, T. R. C. (2020). Estresse hídrico na germinação e vigor de sementes de mofumbo (Combretum leprosum Mart.) em diferentes temperaturas. Revista Ciência Agronômica, 51, Article e20186357. https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20200069
Li, W., Zhang, H., Zeng, Y., Xiang, L., Lei, Z., Huang, Q., Li, T., Fei, S., & Cheng, Q. (2020). A salt tolerance evaluation method for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) at the seed germination stage. Scientific Reports, 10, Article 10626. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67531-w
Liu, Y., Zhang, M., Meng, Z., Wang, B., & Chen, M. (2020). Research progress on the roles of cytokinin in plant response to stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(18), Article 6574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186574
Lu, Y., & Fricke, W. (2023). Salt stress: Regulation of root water uptake in a whole-plant and diurnal context. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(9), Article 8070. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098070
Maguire, J. D. (1962). Speed of germination—Aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Science, 2(2), 176–177. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1962.0011183X000200020033x
Mondal, H. K., & Kaur, H. (2017). Effect of salt stress on medicinal plants and its amelioration by plant growth-promoting microbes. International Journal of Bio-resource & Stress Management, 8(2), 316–326. https://doi.org/10.23910/IJBSM/2017.8.2.1772
Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant, Cell & Environment, 25(2), 239–250. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00808.x
Muttaleb, Q. A., Shahmukh, A. F., & Mohsen, D. M. (2022). Efficacy of seed priming through plant hormones on the germination of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.): Hormonal seed priming effects on germination. Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences, 59(3), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.53560/PPASB(59-3)711
Mwando, E., Han, Y., Angessa, T. T., Zhou, G., Hill, C. B., Zhang, X. Q., & Li, C. (2020). Genome-wide association study of salinity tolerance during germination in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, Article 118. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00118
Nowakowska, K., Pińkowska, A., Siedlecka, E., & Pacholczak, A. (2021). The effect of cytokinin on shoot proliferation, biochemical changes and genetic stability of Rhododendron 'Kazimierz Odnowiciel' in the in vitro cultures. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 147(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-021-02206-z
Panahi, M., Akbari, G. A., Rostakhiz, J., & Golbascshi, M. (2012). Response of safflower genotypes to salinity stress in terms of germination and early seedling growth traits. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 1(2), 212–222.
Parihar, P., Singh, S., Singh, R., Singh, V. P., & Prasad, S. M. (2015). Effect of salinity stress on plants and its tolerance strategies: A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(6), 4056–4075. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3739-1
Parmoon, G., Moosavi, S. A., & Siadat, S. A. (2019). Performance of Iranian okra ecotypes under various accelerated aging conditions. Horticultural Plant Journal, 5(1), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpj.2018.09.001
Qavam, M., & Azarnivand, H. (2016). Evaluation of seed vigor index in three plants of Artemisia absinthium L., Arctium lappa L., and Cichorium intybus L. under salinity stress conditions. Journal of Iranian Natural Ecosystems, 7(3), 39–49.
Rashidi, S. (2018). The effect of cytokinin and gibberellin hormones on germination characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activity in seeds of deteriorated maize (Zea mays L.) varieties. Plant Environmental Physiology, 13(49), 110–125.
Rhaman, M. S., Imran, S., Rauf, F., Khatun, M., Baskin, C. C., Murata, Y., & Hasanuzzaman, M. (2020). Seed priming with phytohormones: An effective approach for the mitigation of abiotic stress. Plants, 10(1), Article 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010037
Sancho, M. A., de Forchetti, S. M., Pliego, F., Valpuesta, V., & Quesada, M. A. (1996). Peroxidase activity and isoenzymes in the culture medium of NaCl-adapted tomato suspension cells. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 44(2), 161–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048195
Savaedy, Z., Bakhshandeh, A. M., Siadat, S. A., Lotfi Jalal Abadi, A., & Moosavi, S. A. (2024). The effect of hormonal priming with cytokinin on deteriorated nigella (Nigella sativa) seeds. Iranian Journal of Seed Research, 10(2), 99–118. https://doi.org/10.61186/yujs.10.2.99
Schoch, C. L., Ciufo, S., Domrachev, M., Hotton, C. L., Kannan, S., Khovanskaya, R., Leipe, D., McVeigh, R., O'Neill, K., Robbertse, B., Sharma, S., Soussov, V., Sullivan, J. P., Sun, L., Turner, S., & Karsch-Mizrachi, I. (2020). NCBI taxonomy: A comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools. Database, 2020, Article baaa062. https://doi.org/10.1093/database/baaa062
Sepehri, A., & Rouhi, H. R. (2016). Effect of cytokinin on morphological and physiological characteristics and antioxidant enzymes activity of aged groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 5(2), 181–198. https://doi.org/10.22034/ijsst.2017.108248
Shu, K., Qi, Y., Chen, F., Meng, Y., Luo, X., Shuai, H., & Yang, W. (2017). Salt stress represses soybean seed germination by negatively regulating GA biosynthesis while positively mediating ABA biosynthesis. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, Article 1372. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01372
Song, S., Liu, J., Yang, H., Zhang, W., Zhang, Q., & Gao, J. (2021). Research progress in seed development, dormancy and germination regulated by cytokinin. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 56(2), 218–228. https://doi.org/10.11983/CBB20141
Sour, V., Sour, P., Vorn, Y., & Sim, S. (2024). Effect of hormonal priming on seed germination and initial growth of Cambodian rice in salt stress condition. International Journal of Applied and Advanced Multidisciplinary Research, 2(5), 369–380. https://doi.org/10.59890/ijaamr.v2i5.1815
Sreenivasulu, N., Ramanjulu, S., Ramachandra-Kini, K., Prakash, H. S., Shekar-Shetty, H., Savithri, H. S., & Sudhakar, C. (1999). Total peroxidase activity and peroxidase isoforms as modified by salt stress in two cultivars of fox-tail millet with differential salt tolerance. Plant Science, 141(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(98)00204-0
Srii, V. S., Sanam, T., & Phartyal, S. S. (2023). Influence of hormonal seed priming on seedling growth, development, and potential antioxidant performance under abiotic stress. In Hormonal Cross-Talk, Plant Defense and Development (pp. 273–294). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95375-7.00019-7
Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I. M., & Murphy, A. (2015). Plant physiology and development (6th ed.). Sinauer Associates.
ul Sahar, N., Khatoon, N., Mangrio, A. M., Rind, N. A., & Rafiq, M. (2023). The halopriming of seeds improves the germination, growth, physiological and phytochemical attributes of tomato under saline conditions. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 35(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2023.v35.i1.2987
Vedenicheva, N., Futorna, O., Shcherbatyuk, M., & Kosakivska, I. (2022). Effect of seed priming with zeatin on Secale cereale L. growth and cytokinin's homeostasis under hyperthermia. Journal of Crop Improvement, 36(5), 656–674. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2021.2000909
Veliyari, M., & Nourafkan, H. (2017). The effect of IAA and BAP on morpho-physiological traits of lemon balm. Agroecology Journal, 13(4), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.22034/aej.2018.538786
Wang, Y., Mopper, S., & Hasenstein, K. H. (2001). Effects of salinity on endogenous ABA, IAA, JA, and SA in Iris hexagona. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 27(2), 327–342. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005632506230
Werner, T., Motyka, V., Strnad, M., & Schmülling, T. (2001). Regulation of plant growth by cytokinin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(18), 10487–10492. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.171304098
Yan, Z., Wang, J., Wang, F., Xie, C., Lv, B., & Yu, Z. (2021). MPK3/6-induced degradation of ARR1/10/12 promotes salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. EMBO Reports, 22(10), Article e52457. https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.202052457
Zalyhina, Y. V. (2022). Relevance of research of the pharmacological properties of Salvia officinalis. Medicni Perspektivi, 27(2), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.26641/2307-0404.2022.2.260100
Zhang, D., He, T., Wang, X., Zhou, C., Chen, Y., Wang, X., & Chen, M. (2024). Transcription factor DIVARICATA1 positively modulates seed germination in response to salinity stress. Plant Physiology, 195(4), 2997–3009. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiae231
Zhao, S., Zhang, Q., Liu, M., Zhou, H., Ma, C., & Wang, P. (2021). Regulation of plant responses to salt stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(9), Article 4609. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094609
Zhao, Y. (2010). Auxin biosynthesis and its role in plant development. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 61(1), 49–64. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112308
Zulfiqar, F., Nafees, M., Chen, J., Darras, A., Ferrante, A., Hancock, J. T., & Siddique, K. H. (2022). Chemical priming enhances plant tolerance to salt stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, Article 946922. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.946922
)